College Science Fair Projects by Topic

It can be a challenge to come up with a science fair project idea. There is fierce competition to come up with the coolest idea, plus you need a topic that is considered appropriate for your educational level.   A well-designed project at the college level can open the door to future educational and career opportunities, so it pays to put some thought and effort into your topic. A good project will answer a question and test a hypothesis. Planning and Research College students usually have a semester to complete their project, so they have some time to plan and conduct research. The goal at this level is to find an original topic. It doesnt have to be something complicated or time-consuming. Also, appearances count. Aim for professional-quality images and presentation. Handwritten work and drawings wont work as well as a printed report or poster with photographs. Possible ideas, divided by topic, include: Plants and Seeds Does the presence of detergent in water affect plant growth? In what ways? What is the implication regarding water pollution?Does magnetism affect the growth of plants? In what way?Is a seed affected by its size? Do different size seeds have different germination rates? Does seed size affect the growth rate or final size of a plant?How close does a plant have to be to a pesticide for the pesticide to work? What factors influence the effectiveness of a pesticide, such as rain, light or wind? How much can you dilute a pesticide while retaining its effectiveness? How effective are natural pest deterrents?What is the effect of a chemical on a plant? You can look at natural pollutants—such as motor oil or runoff from a busy street—or unusual substances, for example, orange juice or baking soda. Factors that you can measure include rate of plant growth, leaf size, life/death of the plant, the color of the plant, and ability to flower/bear fruit.How does cold storage affect th e germination of seeds? Factors you can control include the type of seeds, length of storage and the temperature of storage, light, and humidity. Food How does the shape of an ice cube affect how quickly it melts?Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread? Are certain preservatives better at inhibiting dangerous molds than others?Is the nutritional content of different brands of a vegetable (such as canned peas) the same? How much variation is there in any given product? Miscellaneous What forms of recycling are available to students? If college students participated in these recycling programs, what would be the effect on cost, the environment?Do consumers prefer bleached paper products or natural-color paper products? What factors affect the preference? Age? Socioeconomic status? Gender?Solve a problem. For example, can you design a better type of street intersection?

Americ The Land Of The Free - 1707 Words

America is often referred as the â€Å"the land of the free.† It’s a nation of diversity because of the open-door policy that has been implanted. The open-door policy accepts any foreigner that is pursuing the American Dream. Every year, thousands of immigrants, illegal and legal, come to the United States. Many immigrants have different reasons why they feel the need to leave their country behind and start a new life elsewhere. Those reasons may be: fleeing from a war, bettering their perspectives, living in a better environment, or simply deciding that you like the concept of the American Dream. For instance, in the 1990’s my father, grandfather and uncles decided enough was enough as thousands of other Shia’s did. Saddam Hussein started bombing Shia villages, particularly Najaf and Karbala. It was horrific. Men, women, children, and elderly people were killed. Not by the hundreds but by the thousands. My family decided to uprise with the other families against Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein didn’t not take kindly to the up rise. They had no other choice but to flee. But not everyone was as lucky as they were. Many people believe that America is the best place to start over because they are guaranteed more freedom, benefits, and protection, just as did my parents. What’s your opinion on immigration? Many people look down upon immigrates, it’s making the daily headlines due to the debates that politicians have argued. Some politicians believe that the immigrants will drive theShow MoreRelatedAmeric The Land Of The Free1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is known as the â€Å"land of the free†. But as most know â€Å"free† always comes with a price. Luckily, the price is worth a lifetime of opportunities and freedoms that other countries will never get to experience. America has immigrants naturalized every year. People from these countries come to America to pursue the â€Å"land of the free†. In fact, in 2014, â€Å"654,949 people were naturalized.†1 America is also known around the world as the country that practices democracy. TheRead MoreAmeric The Land Of The Free1879 Words   |  8 Pages They call America â€Å"The land of the Free,† yet its own people experience obstructions to their freedom. Politicians receive the people’s votes and the people’s money, and then they rob these people of their rights. This election is the American citizen’s opportunity to fight. It is his opportunity to fight for himself and his fellow citizens, to fight for justice, to fight for equality, to fight for deliverance from poverty. Now is the time for the American to demand protection from gunsRead MoreAmeric The Land Of The Free928 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica: The Land of the Free America, â€Å"The Land of the Free,† or so I thought. As an American, I have always believed that everyone has a right to free speech, free thinking, and a life without racism. I thought that I was lucky to be growing up in this century, where slavery had been abolished almost completely and racism on a steady decline. I was beyond proud of all of the accomplishments that our country had made in the past thousands of years; that was until I read â€Å"Whither NowRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Free, And Home1411 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica: land of the free, and home of the brave. People have often traveled long and far to live in a safe, and esteemed environment, when in reality the core values of America change as time goes by. Even though Americans often value individualism, patriotism, nationalism, and individual liberty, history has proven otherwise. Wars, social norms, rights restrictions, expectations and peer pressure have gotten in the way of the values th at many believed highlighted America. The saying, ‘history repeatsRead MoreThe Immigration Of Americ The Land Of The Free1611 Words   |  7 Pagesocean in hope of a new life and future in what is known as â€Å"The Land of the Free.† Just like much of the eastern side of the country, the immigration of Europeans to America played a very important role in the history of Michigan as well. It is through these immigrants that the religion, culture, and economics was changed entirely throughout the state of Michigan. Before Europeans came to present day America, Natives populated the land, and had for at least 14,000 years before the Europeans arrivedRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Free And Home1076 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica: Land of the Free and Home of the Dumb ? Michael Moore, author of the essay Idiot Nation, is as anti-Republican as they come and not at all afraid to express his beliefs with overflowing passion. Over the past 20 years, both Moore’s popularity and notoriety have boomed to new heights as a film maker, writer, and social critic. From winning Oscars and Academy Awards for his films and documentaries to co-writing 8 renowned books, Moore has not stopped producing ways of expressing his thoughtsRead MoreAmeric The Free, Land Of The Brave936 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica; home of the free, land of the brave. The only, true, free country in the world. We have fought, died, bled, and sacrificed for the greatness of this country. From the first pilgrim to step on this land to the modern American we strive for the freedoms, liberties, and wealth we have. Foreigners from every part of the world come to this country for a fresh start, a new life, a better life. They fulfill their dreams, gain wealth, and have a better life. ther e is always that one question, howRead MoreAmeric The Land Of The Free, And Full Of Opportunity1277 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is generally a country of immigrants. America is the land of the free, and full of opportunity for every American and others who came from different countries. In Florida, the first arrivals were European, beginning with Spanish explorer ponce de Leon who explored the land in 1513, following French and Spanish settlement during the 16th century. Many Asian Indians struggle as Indian immigrant in America. India is an area with second largest population in the world with 1.2 billion peopleRead MoreThe Issue Of A White Lie1186 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufacture, or sale of military decorations and medals that were not earned. The purpose of the site is to criminalize profiting by falsely claiming to have received a military medal. If anyone falsely claimed to have received a military medal, it could land them in jail. While the act was not upheld in United St ates v. Alvarez, a website was created that publicly provides records of medal recipients. The Stolen Valor Act of 2014 was signed by Barack Obama in 2013 and considers fraudulently claiming toRead MoreHistorical Anyalysis Essay2125 Words   |  9 Pagesparty. These laws angered the colonists and advocated revolution. The Civil war also had multiple causalities starting with the recently acquired territory from the war with Mexico. The issue of slavery arose and the concern for an unequal amount of free and slave states led to the Kansas Nebraska act, fugitive slave act and Bleeding Kansas. Ellis points out that the improbable nature of the American Revolution has become perceived as inevitable today. The revolution could not have occurred if

The Role of America at the End of World War II Free Essays

The role of America at the end of World War II was where the origins of policing the world originate. America had been engaged in a very costly war in terms of dollars as well as lives. But, despite the expense the United States came out of World War II better than any other nation that was involved. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of America at the End of World War II or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Second World War was a battle between the Allied and Axis Powers. The Allied Powers consisted of the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and France. This war was seen as the fight against Nazi Germany, and therefore resulted in a majority of the battles fought on German and Russian soil. The aftermath left the Soviet Union in bad shape. Close to twenty million Russians had died fighting the war, which accounted for about eight percent of their population. Conversely, none of the fighting was done on American soil, and while the United States suffered in terms of casualties it was nothing compared to the loss Russia had endured. Because the war would not end ! until the Axis Powers fully surrendered to the Allied Powers, the United States was forced to use the first atomic warfare in history. The atom bomb would later serve as America’s greatest possession. Stalin, the Premier of the Soviet Union had always distrusted the American and English intentions. Because of Stalin’s aggression and attitude pertaining to Soviet influence on Europe, the postwar stance on Russia had turned into a standoff. This became the origin of the Cold War. The Cold War, seen as a battle between communism and capitalism, was â€Å"in reality a more complex struggle over a broad range of ideological, economic, and strategic issues. † (Henretta, 868) Over the next several years the United States would spend more money on military and defense than ever before. Several measures were taken to ensure that the same mistakes at the end of World War I would not be repeated. The first in a series of measures was a postwar conference involving President Truman and the Soviet Foreign Minister, V. M. Molokov, where Truman controlled the entire meeting and basically scolded the Soviet’s for not honoring agreements on Poland. Truman â€Å"told the Russians just where the got off and generally bossed the whole meeting. † (Henretta, p. 869) This symbolized America’s strong-arm stance against communism and signified the position we would hold throughout the Cold War. The next step in Truman’s agenda was to work with Congress to pass the National Security Act of 1947, which was designed to strengthen defense operations. This act created a single Department of Defense, and created the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA. These two new agencies acted as the first step in atomic warfare management. Continuing to act as police of the world and leader of capitalism, Truman drafted the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, which complemented the Truman Doctrine, â€Å"was a program of large scale economic and military aid to Europe. † (Heretta, p. 71) Considered by some, this was the most â€Å"innovative piece of foreign policy in American History. Where over the next four years the United States contributed over $12 billion to a highly successful recovery effort. † (Heretta, p. 874) The Soviet Union stilled commanded a blockade on highway, rail, and river traffic to West Berlin. As a result, the United States responded by entering into a peacetime military alliance; this being the first time since the American Revolution. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) a project costing $1. 3 billion, enabled the basing of all four United States Army divisions into Western Europe. Twelve nations agreed to sign this pact that stated â€Å"an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. † (Henretta, p. 875) Consequently, a few months later, Stalin â€Å"lifted the blockade which had made the city a symbol of resistance to communism. † (Henretta, p. 875) Between the creation of NATO, the National Security Act and CIA, and the Marshall Plan, America was dictating their position with Russia and communism. These measures made it possible for Americans to become more comfortable with the Cold War. While all of these governmental policies were being put into action, Americans were settling back into the ideology of family and free enterprise. The post-war period became one of the most exciting in American history. With the rising economy and feeling of consumerism, Americans were rebounding from their efforts in World War II. Capitalism was on the rise and the â€Å"Apple Pie† portrait of middle class suburban families was shaping the country. America was now the wealthiest country in the world and Americans had â€Å"accumulated savings of $140 billion† in 1945. Over the next two decades the gross national product more than tripled,† (Henretta, p. 904) signifying prosperity. Between 1945 and 1960, the gross national product would grow from $213 billion to more than $500 billion, while real income would rise 25 percent. Included in these figures was the percent of American families owning homes, which grew from 43 percent to over 60 percent in this same time period; this created the suburban explosion. This suburban lifestyle was intended to symbolize the superiority of capitalism over communism and imply that the American way of life would win the Cold War. (Henretta, p. 903) Americans were again beginning to see the capitalist society they fought for, and the confidence level of the country continued to rise throughout the 1960’s. The people cannot create a great nation themselves; great leaders must direct them. Besides the three Presidents who led America throughout the end of World War II and through the Cold War, there were many influential voices that helped to shape the views of the public. Among these influential people was a man named George F. Kennan. He was a member of the United States embassy to the Soviet Union and author of the â€Å"long telegram† which was sent to the heads of state in Washington D. C. In his telegram, Kennan described the Soviets as insecure, inferior, and less advanced than Americans. â€Å"As Russia came into contact with the economically advanced West, fear of more competent, more powerful, more highly organized societies,† (Gorn, p. 229) was the general message Kennan was trying to get across. Because he saw the country from the inside Kennan also believed the United Sates should † pursue a policy of firm containment†¦ t every point where the Soviets show signs of encroaching upon the interest of a peaceful and stable world. † (Henretta, p. 870) This opinion and idea of the relationship between the United States and Russia should have been widely accepted by Americans. They backed this idea of aggressive behavior, rather than a passive approach to the Cold War. Conversely, postwar liberal such as Henry Wallace, â€Å"a Progressive Party leader, continued to seek cooperation with the Soviet Union and defended the participation of Communists in their organizations. (Henretta, p. 885) These ideals were quickly silenced. The American majority, being extremely anti-communist, felt relations with the Soviet Union should be harsh and firm. This period introduced American dominance in foreign policy. The ideals of personal freedom and opportunity were the driving forces behind Western philosophy throughout the Cold War. Not only were these principles showcased, they were set as the benchmark of equality for the human race. How to cite The Role of America at the End of World War II, Essay examples

Guide Wavelength Measurements free essay sample

The relationship between the wavelength in free space and the guide wavelength. Furthermore, this experiment will be a way in which to gain experience in using different types of laboratory communications equipment. Introduction What is wavelength? Wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the distance between identical points in the adjacent cycles of a waveform signal. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (? )Wavelength is inversely correlated to frequency (figure 1. 1), therefore the higher the frequency of the signal, the shorter the wavelength. vp Is the phase velocity f is the frequency vp Is the phase velocity f is the frequency ?=vpf Figure 1. 1 What is a wave guide? Figure 1. 2 A waveguide is a special form of transmission line consisting of a rectangular (figure 1. 2) or cylindrical metal tube or pipe, through which electromagnetic waves are propagated in microwave and RF communications. It s commonly used in microwave communications, broadcasting, and radar installations. A waveguide must have a certain minimum diameter relative to the wavelength of the signal and therefore are practical only for signals of extremely high frequency. Consequently below such frequencies, waveguides are useless as electrical transmission lines. â€Å"An electromagnetic field can propagate along a waveguide in various ways. Two common modes are known as transverse-magnetic (TM) and transverse-electric (TE). In TM mode, the magnetic lines of flux are perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide. In TE mode, the electric lines of flux are perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide. Either mode can provide low loss and high efficiency as long as the interior of the waveguide is kept clean and dry. † Some disadvantages are: * The high cost, since the material used is special alloy (copper and silver). * It is not possible to pass DC currents along with your RF signal. * The volume and mass particularly are at lower frequencies. Although there is quite a few disadvantages the fact that you can transmit extremely high peak powers and very low loss outweighs it. Furthermore the Silver plating used on the inside walls of the waveguide decreases the resistance loss making the copper and aluminium waveguides even more efficient. Experimental notes The experiment needs to be conducted to obtain the value of the guide wavelength and thereafter calculate the wave dimension and observe whether it matches the initial result that was measured. The initial result measured was the value. Cut-off wavelength for the wave guide mode being propagate ? o = Wavelength in free space g = Guide wavelength, known as delta g The equation to measure ? o is already present as it is given by free-space. Although the cut-off wavelength can be calculated by rearranging the formula in figure 1. 1, the experiment will be used to further confirm this mathematical formula. What we will acquire is a range of guide wavelengths throughout the experiment in order to find the Cut-off wavelength. Where is the cut-off wavelength for the waveguide mode being propagated? The dominant mode is being propagated in the rectangular waveguide (figure 1. 2) which means where (a) is the internal broad dimension of the rectangular waveguide. Block diagram Microwave signal source Isolator Preset attenuator Wave meter Short circuit Calibrated attenuator Tuned SWR amplifier + meter Standing wave detector Microwave signal source Isolator Preset attenuator Wave meter Short circuit Calibrated attenuator Tuned SWR amplifier + meter Standing wave detector Microwave signal source This device is the signal generator where you get 8 to 12 GHz. It is extremely expensive equipment and costs in the region of ? 20,000. This is due to the fact that we are dealing with high frequency signals and not with normal radio waves. Isolator By terminating one port, a circulator becomes an isolator, which contains the property for energy to flow in one direction only. It samples some of the forward wave power and couples it to a calibrated cavity wave meter for measuring the oscillator frequency. Preset attenuator â€Å"Attenuators are essential building blocks when developing test stations for applications† Attenuators are devices used to adjust signal levels which helps to stop the reflected power from reaching the oscillator, control impedance mismatch and to isolate circuit stages. Wave meter Any device for measuring the free-space wavelengths (or frequencies) of microwaves; usually made of a cavity resonator whose dimensions can be varied until resonance with the microwaves is achieved. The determination is often made indirectly, by measuring the frequency of the wave. Calibrated attenuator The calibrator changes the value if it gets too high. Attenuators are manufactured with high-accuracy calibration, and for utmost precision. They available in standard waveguide were each attenuator is calibrated at the frequency specified at the time of order. Standing wave detector Standing wave detector detects radio frequency signals along a transmission line or in a waveguide and changes it into a DC voltage for the reason that the waveguide cannot transmit DC currents along with the RF signal. Tuned SWR amplifier + meter The  standing wave ratio  meter  measures the  SWR (standing-wave-ratio)  which is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave at a maximum to the amplitude at a minimum in a transmission line. This is an item of  radio  equipment used to check the quality of the match between the  antenna  and the  transmission line. Procedure 1. Set up the microwave bench, as indicated. 2. Read the basic instructions for the microwave bench and then obtain oscillations at 8. 5 GHz from the microwave signal source. 3. If it is possible, maximize the deflection on the SWR-meter by using the method outlined in the basic instructions. 4. Measure the frequency, f, using the wave meter. Calculate the free space wavelength, ? o , by using ? o = c/f where c = 2. 997? 1010 cm s-1. 5. Move the standing wave detector (SWD) probe along the slotted line and watch the SWR-meter.